Timothy free essay sample

I anxiously wait as the elevator takes me to where two worlds will intertwine. The duffel bags filled with clothing and toiletries for my brother become cumbersome. As I exit the elevator, I immediately inhale the aroma of hospital supplies and cafeteria food. I sense pain and suffering as I walk past the rooms of patients, hearing their cries of misery. My heart throbs rapidly because I know that just a few doors down my brother Timothy also lies confined in a white-walled, sterile room, attached to IVs that pump antibiotics into his body. I enter the anteroom, where I put on a hospital gown, a face mask, shoe covers, and gloves to reduce his exposure to germs. As I enter, I see him resting, recovering from his second bone marrow transplant. The summer before junior year, this hospital was my second home. This room served as our family’s dining room, emitting the smell of my mother’s home-cooked chicken potpie and overflowing with my summer school assignments. We will write a custom essay sample on Timothy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the summer passed and the school year arrived, there was less opportunity to be at the hospital, but I was determined to make time for visits. The dilemma between visiting my brother and schoolwork has turned into a balancing act. As I support him, his strength grows, and in turn he encourages me in my academics. These visits are no longer a sacrifice but are times when both of us gain tremendous strength over what seem to be insurmountable obstacles. I scan this familiar room and observe that, as the weeks pass, not only have the once-dull walls transformed into a collage of brightly colored drawings imparting hope to Room 750, but I too am adapting to my rigorous schedule. Although the first bone marrow transplant failed and could have potentially taken his life, fortunately, Timothy was given a second chance when my sister became his donor. While he recuperates, my parents, siblings, and I sit by his bedside day and night offering support. As the new marrow travels through his body destroying the old, Timothy endures excruciating pain but feels comfort in our presence. New hope flows through me, and I too am rejuvenated. My own fatigue subsides, allowing me to focus on keeping my academic standards high. During my brother’s 104-day hospitalization, I watch his spirit revive, enabling me to be strengthened too. In his absence, my responsibilities grow as I take on the role of oldest brother. I willingly provide a strong shoulder for my younger brother and an even stronger one for my sister to cry on during such an emotional time. This experience has been an opportunity for personal growth. By observing Timothy I have learned that through hard work and dedication, success can be achieved. I know that I am capable of attaining even greater achievements through adversity.

What Is Personality, and Is It Predictive Of Human Behavior

What Is Personality, and Is It Predictive Of Human Behavior Personality Personality, according to Harrà © Lamb (1986, p .1), is the entirety of feature and traits, as of manners or qualities that are particular per person. Personality is all about a person’s mind-sets, dispositions, performing, opinions, and method of thoughts, perceiving, and verbal communication. Hypothesis concerning personality or individuality have been formulated and existed in the majority of traditions and all through recorded history.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What Is Personality, and Is It Predictive Of Human Behavior? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many people have studied personality and have come up with discoveries and explanations on the subject. For instance, Giambattista, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, and Vico Immanuel Kant all of them put forward ways of comprehending person and group differences. Others include Carl Jung, psychiatrics therapist Sigmund Freud, Ernst Kr etschmer, and Alfred Adler who presented contending personality hypothesis. Freud’s hypothesis was founded on â€Å"psychosexual drives that had the components of the id, ego, and super ego and the interplay of the conscious, sub-conscious and unconscious† (Shane, 2007, p.3) Carl Jung, his student and follower emphasized unconscious motives but de-emphasized sexuality. Instead, he advanced a typical theory that classified people as either introverts or extroverts. He claimed that individual personalities were from the unconscious, inherited memories. Later on, we still had theories brought forward by other psychologists like Gordon. W. Allport, Erik H. Erikson, and Carl R. Rogers, which were all influential. Gordon wanted to find out common ideology that could be functional to a complete category of persons. It was called personality trait theory. He discovered 4000 words that could be applied to personality traits and categorized them into three classes. These were ca rdinal, central, and secondary traits. Cardinal traits are strong dispositions that shape behaviors and experiences and develop later in life. By definition, â€Å"Central traits are dispositions that manifest to some degree in all individuals, comprising the basic repertoire of personality expressions† (Barrick Mount, 1991, p.15). Secondary personalities are dispositions that are not straight away noticeable, manifesting as a result of precise sets of conditions in a human being’s life. Later on Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck expanded on this theory. They reduced the list of four thousand to sixteen. Later on Eysenck reduced them to three. Skeptical psychoanalysts said this were too few and came up with five traits, which were inconclusive as they did not prove to be effective predictors of human behavior and did not shed any light onto how they developed. These traits were known as the big 5 and they are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeable and neu roticism (Barrick Mount, 1991). Personality character is thought to be as a result of â€Å"both experience and genetic predisposition† (Harrà © Lamb, 1986, p.2). It has been severally discussed and researched to find out what influences behavior in human beings. Some strongly believe it is a particular situation while others believe it is character type.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Kenrick funder (2001), personality is a predictor of personality across all situations but not at a specific time or situation, for instance, personality more accurately predicts how happy one will be over the next year than it. People choose their situations, which reflect their personality. For example, people choose where to work according to how comfortable they feel with their environment; with the best performance occurring when there is a positive matc h between the two otherwise mediocre results will be the order of the day. A type of personality refers to categories that are distinct and discontinuous (patterns of relatively enduring characteristics of behavior) whereby one is either one or the other e.g. one is either an introvert or an extrovert (Ornstein, 1993). Today, several scientists have all come up with their different personality types and model systems that classify them. Some are categorized into 4, 9, 16, and many more. This essay has categorizes personalities or individuality into four categories that is: The extroverts and the introverts The thinking and feeling types Sensitive and intuitive types Perceiving and judging types Extroverts and introverts Extroverts concentrate on the globe and acquire their power from it, are conversational and frank, evaluate their views with the rest, they make new friends with no trouble and become accustomed to a fresh assembly, they express their thoughts, are keen on new comm unity and effortlessly smash unnecessary relations. Introverts in contrast concentrate on their belief and feelings, produce their energy from within and consequently call for their own territory or region, frequently emerge as reserved, silent and thoughtful, typically they have less associates, have troubles in creating new links, and never want to work in group. They are generally very difficult to deal with and therefore this can be a predictive of their behavior (Shane, 2007). Sensitive and intuitive types Sensitive kind notice every person and are sensitive to everything around them, are realistic and lively, are reasonable and self-assured, they love enjoyments derived from physical feeling, swiftly become accustomed to whichever the circumstances and exist at this time. Intuitive or instinctive categories in contrast are more often than not â€Å"in the past or the present, rely on their inner voice, worry about the future than they do of the present, are attracted more to the theory than to the practice, often have doubts and do not like routine†( Ornstein, 1993, p.12).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on What Is Personality, and Is It Predictive Of Human Behavior? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thinking and feeling types The thinking kind of people are keen on organizations, compositions and prototypes, renders all to rational investigation, are comparatively unfriendly and unresponsive, assess everything by mental power and true or false, have complexities discussing on feelings and do not get to the bottom of a row or squabbles. The feeling category are keen on human beings and their thoughts, effortlessly pass their personal feelings or moods to people around them, give immense concentration to love and fervor, weigh up issues by moral values and excellent or poor, they can get touchy and employ sensational exploitation and regularly give admiring comments to make ha ppy people. Perceiving and judging types The perceiving sort of people operate on impulse following the state of affairs, can initiate numerous projects at the same time with no concluding any of the project accurately. They have a preference to have liberty from responsibilities, are inquisitive and akin to a new appearance at things, work efficiency is dependent on their frame of mind, and habitually do something with no any groundwork or preparation. The judging type on the other hand does not like to leave unanswered questions, plan work ahead, and tend to finish it, do not like to change their decisions, have relative stable workability, and easily follow rules and discipline (Gross, 2010). Therefore based on the above four personality models, we see that personality is predictive of individuals’ behaviors. For instance, extroverts who are open to ideas and express their minds explains the ease with which someone can deal with these kind of people and generally well beha ved . On the other hand, introverts are directly opposite of this and are generally considered ill mannered. Individuals behavior determines whether you will interact freely with them or not and as we see, it is easy to deal with people who have personalities such as being sensitive and outgoing for instance as compared to those with opposite traits. For that reason, personality is predictive of human behavior. References Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gross, R.D. (2010). Psychology. The science of mind and behavior. London: Hodder Arnold. Harrà ©, R. Lamb, R. (1986). The dictionary of personality and social psychology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Kenrick, D. T., Funder, D. C. (1991). The person-situation debate: Do personality traits really exist? In V. J. Derlega, B. A. Winstead, W. H. Jones, W. H. (Eds.) Personality: Contemporary Theory and Research (Chapter 6) Ornstein, R. (1993). The Roots of the Self: Unraveling the mystery of who we  are. New York, NY: Harper Collins. Shane, P. (2007). The Model of human behavior: Understanding personality.  Contemporary Theory, 2, 1-5.

Argumentativ essey on machiavelly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argumentativ essey on machiavelly - Essay Example Despite occasions of psychological imbalance, Hitler may be noted for his remarkable military exploits and knowledge of relevant martial tactics. As such, he received decoration with Iron Cross and promotion to a corporal rank after demonstrating bravery for the regiment or German army as a whole (Stokes). Machiavelli likewise proposed for the prince to acquire fighting skills since subsequent triumphs through militaristic pursuit enhance courage which is also a very essential characteristic of a prince. A Machiavellian prince lives by the image and behaves cautiously in order to remain in power and this combined nature of lion and fox is also symbolic of the approach used by Hitler in forming and securing control of the Nazi party (Stokes). By initially winning the favor of a large crowd who were drawn to his admirable manner of oration which sought pretentious publicity and propaganda (Stokes) overall, he found his way to earn more followers and influence over political subjects.

Hw Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Hw - Assignment Example The unique factor about Kiva.org’s organization that distinguishes it from other businesses is its role as an agent instead of a party to the lending business. The organization’s role in its empowerment objective is to link different stakeholders towards ensuring that potential entrepreneurs whose major challenge is capital receives help into starting their desired small scale businesses. It only facilitates the lending process and does not lend from its finances, a contrary approach to other businesses that are parties to lending agreements. The organization’s model would not work for larger loans and large-scale business. This is because the types of loans and businesses would entail higher risks such as loss of large amounts of money in defaults. This would have impact that is more significant on the organization and challenge its success as compared to risks in small-scale loans. Lenders would also be unwilling to offer money for large loans because of the nature of the model in which lender have limited control over involved

Digital Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Digital Futures - Essay Example This creature is then destined to serve in various fields that a normal human being cannot serve. Likewise, cloning has also drawn the attention of many, where people want to replicate superior organisms. The Australian Defense Forces has shown great interest on the emerging cyborg technology, asserting that it will serve a great deal in boosting its security. This paper will discuss digital futures in light of cyborg technology in the Australian Defence Forces. Cyborg technology Human beings have been ambitious in the creation of living things from non-living parts. While this may seem like just a dream, tremendous progress has been made in this field. This artificial creation of life can be categorized into two broad classes. First is carbon-based live, where living organisms are developed from classical building blocks of nature. The other one is where scientists create living organisms using the same principles of creation, but implementing them differently. This may be through m achines such as computers or laboratory bags. Cyborg technology falls under the first mode of creation where organisms are developed from components found in the world. This process uses materials that have no relation with the human body such as metals and plastics (Adami, 1998). Cyborg technology is no longer a myth, as it is possible to develop robots that can function as well as human being. With technology, scientists are now able to develop structures that enhances the functionality of human being. They argue that humans have limited capability and to survive in a complex world, the society needs a structure with superior abilities. As a result they have developed a human-robot with superior intelligent than the normal robots, and named it cyborg. A cyborg, as the name suggests is a cybernetic organism, composed of the human part and the machine part. These two parts are integrated in a special way in order to perform the required tasks (Warwick, n.d). However, there are numer ous challenges that are associated with the functionality of a cyborg, bearing in mind that human beings are the one that control it. The big question still lies as to whether cyborgs have been able to accomplish the purpose they were designed for, or more research needs to be conducted for their improvement (Seed, 2005). What constitutes a cyborg is still vague as it is possible to narrow the definition to any living organism, whose body system has mechanical or biotechnologies. With this regard, about 10% for instance of the United States citizens are cyborgs. This group of people in technical terms includes those who have artificial joints, drug implant systems, artificial skins or with electronic pacemakers. In short, those with an artificial element that prevents their bodies to act naturally. On the other hand, a large number of people engage in careers that make them metaphoric cyborgs. It is with certainty that these people accidentally found themselves in this category (See d, 2005). The creation of the cyborg started when the military saw the need for improving its performance. With rise in human power and military equipment, the military sought to develop a structure that would function more than human beings would. As a result, it opted to combine the human element and the mechanical element to come up with a superior product. Initially, scientists through accidents had replaced most of the vital organs in

Advantages Of Internal Combustion Engines Engineering Essay

Advantages Of Internal Combustion Engines Engineering Essay The most widely used heat engine is the internal combustion engine. The advantages that it has over gas turbines have seen its widespread usage in passenger car applications. [1] All the components of internal combustion engines work at an average temperature which is below the maximum temperature of the working fluid in the working cycle. This is because the high temperature of the working fluid in the cycle persists only for a very small fraction of the cycle time. As a result, fluids with high working temperatures can be used to increase thermal efficiency at moderate maximum working pressures. Weight to power ratio is less than that of steam turbine and gas turbines. It is therefore possible to develop reciprocating IC engines of very small power output with reasonable thermal efficiency and cost. Higher brake thermal efficiency can be obtained as only a small fraction of heat energy of the fuel is dissipated to the cooling system. Initial cost is low. Materials used in the manufacture of gas turbines must be strong and heat resistant in order to sustain the heat generated. Machining operations required for gas turbines construction are also more complex. Reciprocating IC engines are more efficient at idle speeds than gas turbines in terms of fuel consumption at idling. Gas turbines have delayed responses to different power requirements changes. Gas turbines must be removed for overhaul and servicing, which is usually not the case in internal combustion engines. Gas turbines require more air than IC engines for its normal operation. It also consumes more fuel whenever the load fluctuates, which is common in the domestic usage. All these explain why passenger cars do not use gas turbine engines, but use internal combustion engines instead. Question 2 Define the following parameters and give typical values for spark-ignition and compression ignition IC engines: Specific fuel consumption, Specific fuel consumption (SFC) is the fuel flow rate per unit power output []. It measures how efficiency of an engine in using the fuel to produce useful work. The equation for the specific fuel consumption is: Where: Ke= specific fuel consumption K: Fuel Consumption, kg/s Pe=Useful work per cycle, i = 0.5 for 4ÃŽ, 1 for 2ÃŽ ne=real efficiency HÃŽÂ ± =Heat of Combustion = 42.000 KJ/Kg Low values of SFC are obviously desirable. For SI engines typical values of brake specific fuel consumption are about 270 g/kWh. Range (345 285 g/kWh) For CI engines, values are lower and in large engines can go below 200 g/kWh. Range (285 190 g/kWh) [2] Mean effective pressure, Relative engine performance measure is obtained by dividing the work per cycle by the cylinder volume displaced per cycle. The parameter so obtained has units of force per unit area and is called the mean effective pressure (mep). Where: W=Indicated Work: Vh=Piston Displacement (cylinder) Volume (cc, cm3, lt) H=Length TDC Length BDC For, Naturally aspirated spark ignition engines, maximum values are in the range 850 to 1050 kPa at the engine speed where maximum torque is obtained (about 3000 rev/min). Turbocharged automotive spark-ignition engines the maximum bmep is in the 1250 to 1700 kPa range. Naturally aspirated four-stroke diesels, the maximum bmep is in the 700 to 900 kPa range Turbocharged four-stroke diesel maximum bmep values are typically in the range 1000 to 1200 kPa Turbocharged aftercooled engines this can rise to 1400 kPa Two-stroke cycle diesels have comparable performance to four-stroke cycle engines. Large low-speed two-stroke cycle engines can achieve bmep values of about 1600 kPa. [2] Power-torque relation as function of engine rpm, Engine torque is measured using a dynamometer. The engine is clamped and the output shaft is connected to the dynamometer rotor. The rotor is coupled electromagnetically, hydraulically, or by mechanical friction to a stator, which is supported in low friction bearings. The stator is balanced keeping the rotor stationary. The torque exerted on the stator with the rotor turning is measured by balancing the stator with weights, springs, or pneumatic means. Fig.1 Brake dynamometer- engine torque test [2] Torque is a measure of an engines ability to do work; and power is the rate at which work is done. The value of engine power measured as described above is called brake power Pb. This power is the usable power delivered by the engine to the load-in this case, a brake. Fig.2 Engine power, torque vs. speed plot [3] Correlation between measured force and engine torque: Measured power: (1 PS = 0.736 kW) Conversion between different units may be necessary for power, torque, or angular speed. For example, if rotational speed (revolutions per time) is used in place of angular speed (radians per time), a factor of 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ radians per revolution have to be multiplied. Dividing on the left by 60 seconds per minute and by 1000 watts per kilowatt gives us the following. mbox{power (kW)} = frac{ mbox{torque (N}cdotmbox{m)} times 2 pi times mbox{rotational speed (rpm)}} {60,000} Volumetric efficiency Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the mass inside the engine cylinder to the mass of air of the displacement volume at atmospheric conditions. It measures the effectiveness of an engines induction process. Volumetric efficiency is used for four-stroke cycle engines which have a distinct induction process and not for two stroke engines. Where pai is the inlet air density Alternatively volumetric efficiency can also be defined as, Indicative values: 4ÃŽ-Otto: 0.7 0.9 2ÃŽ-Otto: 0.5 0.7 Typical maximum values of ÃŽÂ ·v for naturally aspirated engines are in the range 80 to 90 percent. The volumetric efficiency for diesels is somewhat higher than for SI engines. [2] Engine real efficiency as function of engine power, fuel consumption and fuel calorific value The real engine efficiency of an engine can be found out using the relation Where, ne=real efficiency nth= theoretical thermodynamic efficiency ng=quality coefficient (0.4-0.7 Otto; 0.6-0.8 Diesel) nm=mechanical efficiency (0.8) ni=actual efficiency (nth.ng=Pi/Q) K= fuel consumption Kg/s HÃŽÂ ± =Heat of Combustion = 42.000 KJ/Kg Question 3 Describe with simple terms the main air flow path developing inside the cylinder of IC engines relative to the piston motion; make a simple schematic to indicate them. Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) helps us to visualise the charge motion within the cylinder with the help of optically transparent research engines. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can help in validating the average flow field in the cylinder but the process is expensive. One such CFD software is KIVA-4v, which helps to predict the air charge motion. Swirl flow Swirl is defined as the micro mass rotational motion of charge within the cylinder. It is generated by constructing the intake system to give a tangential component to the intake flow as it enters the cylinder. This is done by shaping and contouring the intake manifold, valve ports, and sometimes even the piston face. Swirl enhances the mixing of air and fuel to give a homogeneous mixture in a short time in modern high-speed engines. It is also responsible for very rapid spreading of flame front during the combustion. Fig.3 Swirl flow in the engine cylinder [3] Swirl flow can be generated by changing the geometry of the inlet port Fig.4 Geometry of inlet port affecting swirl flow [3] (a) Deflector wall (b) directed (c) shallow ramp helical (d) steep ramp helical Similarly inlet valve approach geometry can also generate swirl flow by producing net in-cylinder angular momentum of the charge. Fig.5 Inlet valve geometry affecting swirl flow [2] Squish flow When the piston approaches TDC at the end of the compression stroke, the volume around the outer edges of the combustion chamber reduces drastically. New combustion chamber designs have the clearance volume near the centerline of the cylinder. As the piston approaches TDC, the gas mixture occupying the volume at the outer radius of the cylinder is forced radially inward as this outer volume is reduced to near zero. This radial inward motion of the gas mixture is called squish. It adds to other mass motions within the cylinder to mix the air and fuel, and quickly spreads the flame front. Maximum squish velocity usually occurs at about 10 °bTDC. During combustion, the expansion stroke begins and the volume of the combustion chamber increases. As the piston moves away from TDC, the burning gases are propelled radially outward to fill the now-increasing outer volume along the cylinder walls. This reverse squish helps to spread the flame front during the latter part of combustion Piston motion influences squish as in the case of wedge shaped and bowl-in combustion chambers. Fig.6 Piston motion generating squish [2] (a) Wedge shaped SI combustion chamber (b) bowl-in-piston DI Diesel combustion chamber Tumble As the piston nears TDC, squish motion generates a secondary rotational flow called tumble. This rotation occurs about a circumferential axis near the outer edge of the piston bowl Fig.7Tumble- result of piston motion and squish [3] Turbulence Due to the high velocities involved, all flows into, out of, and within engine cylinders are turbulent flows. The exception to this is those flows in the corners and small crevices of the combustion chamber where the close proximity of the walls dampens out turbulence. As a result of turbulence, thermodynamic transfer rates within an engine are increased by an order of magnitude. Heat transfer, evaporation, mixing, and combustion rates all increase. As engine speed increases, flow rates increase, with a corresponding increase in swirl, squish, and turbulence. This increases the real-time rate of fuel evaporation, mixing of the fuel vapor and air, and combustion. Intake turbulent mixture flow Turbulence superimposed on mixture swirl Fig.8 Turbulence of the charge within cylinder [4] Question 4 The Figure below shows a conceptual model of a quasi-steady Diesel combustion plume, as presented by Dec et al in 1997. Indicate the following areas shown on this schematic: liquid fuel , rich vapour fuel-air mixture , fuel-rich premixed flame, initial soot formation , diffusion flame boundary , thermal NO production zone , soot oxidation zone , 25398f1.jpg Fig.9 Quasi-steady Diesel combustion plume [5] The above figure describes the formation and features of a quasi-steady diesel fuel jet. This model is applicable to large bore, quiescent chamber combustion or a free fuel jet without wall interactions. At the point of fuel injection, fuel penetrates into the combustion chamber and air which is at a high temperature due to end of compression stroke begins to mix with the spray. Fuel absorbs energy from the hot air and evaporates. This process continues until a point where no liquid fuel is present. The point at which this occurs is called the liquid length. This liquid length reduces after the start of combustion but thereafter remains constant until the end of injection. Beyond the liquid length, the rich premixed fuel and air are still heated by the surroundings until they start to react in the rich premixed zone. The products of rich combustion continue downstream and diffuse and mix radially outward until reaching the surrounding cylinder gases. At a location where the rich prod ucts and cylinder gases mix to produce a stoichiometric mixture, a diffusion flame is produced. The diffusion flame surrounds the jet in a thin turbulent sheet, which extends upstream towards the nozzle. The axial distance from the nozzle exit to the diffusion flame is the lift-off length. The lift-off length controls the amount of oxygen mixed into the fuel jet and therefore the stoichiometry. Soot is burned out and NOX is produced on the outside of the diffusion flame, where temperatures are high and oxygen and nitrogen are abundant. Question 5 What are the main requirements of the fuel injection system for a direct injection engine? In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced computer-controlled fuel injection systems, which has had much to do with the research and development activities related to Direct Injected engines being expanded. [6]The main requirements of the fuel injection system for a direct injection engine are: Well atomised fuel spray independent of chamber pressure conditions Injection during the compression stroke against pressures up to 20bar Injection during the intake stroke against atmospheric pressures with stoichiometric homogeneous mixture To have uniform distribution of fuel in a multi cylinder engine To improve breathing capacity of an engine i.e. volumetric efficiency To reduce or eliminate detonation To prevent fuel loss in the form of scavenging in the case of two stroke engines. For an efficient combustion of a stratified mixture, a stable and compact spray geometry is necessary Injection pressure has been determined to be very important for obtaining both effective spray atomization and the required level of spray penetration. Accurate fuel metering (generally a +2% band over the linear flow range); Desirable fuel mass distribution pattern for the application; Minimal spray skew for both sac and main sprays; Good spray axisymmetry over the operating range; Minimal drippage and zero fuel leakage, particularly for cold operation; Small sac volume; Good low-end linearity between the dynamic flow and the fuel pulse width; Small pulse-to-pulse variation in fuel quantity and spray characteristics; Minimal variation in the above parameters from unit to unit. Question 6 Describe the injection process requirements for direct injection Diesel engines and the evolution of the fuel injection equipment over the last few decades. The functional requirements of the fuel injection system are as follows Accurate fuel metering per engine working cycle Injection timing to ensure maximum power, good fuel economy and low emissions Obtain the desirable heat release pattern by control of injection rate Atomisation of the fuel Proper spray pattern to ensure better mixing of fuel and air Uniform distribution of fuel droplets in the combustion chamber Supply equal quantities of fuel to all cylinders, in the case of multi cylinder engines Eliminate dripping of fuel droplets into the combustion chamber by eliminating injection lag between start and end of injection Evolution of fuel injection equipment: In-line pump Fig.10 Layout of In-line fuel injection pump [7] Though in-line pumps are primitive injection systems, they are still in use among heavy duty marine engines. Individual fuel pumps fuel each of the injectors Engine operational speed has a major influence on the fuel injection pressures As a result, there is a hydraulic delay between the pressure increase and the start of injection Fuel flows through high pressure connecting pipes Fuel injection pressures range from 600 1200 bar Injector with discharging in the combustion chamber (the nozzle with one or more holes) Distributor type pumps These are still used in a number of engines Though it started as mechanically operated, now electronic control modifications have been made It has a mechanism which controls the spill valve responsible for cutting off the high pressure generated inside the pumping chamber, and thus, responsible for the termination of injection One pumping chamber delivers high pressure to all the injectors of the engine Pressure depends on engine speed, so a hydraulic delay exists between the pressure generation and start of injection Relatively low injection pressures (up to 1200bar) Fig.11 Distributor type pump (Lucas CAV) [7] Unit injectors Consists of the pump and the injector integrated into one body, which does not require a high pressure connection pipe High fuel pressure is generated close to the nozzle exit, which can be upto 2500 bar. These gave accurate control over injection Each cylinder has its own individual system High pressure developed depends of the engine rpm and the load. Fig.12 General Layout of Unit injector [7] [6]Delphi Diesel Systems electronic unit injectors (EUI fig13.) control the quantity and the timing of injection electronically through a solenoid actuator. The solenoid can respond very quickly (injection periods are of the order 1 ms), to control very high injection pressures (up to 1600 bar or so). The solenoid controls a spill valve, which in turn controls the injection process. The pumping element is operated directly from a camshaft (or indirectly via a rocker), and the whole assembly is contained within the cylinder head. Fig.13 Electronic Unit injector (Lucas EUI system) [7] [6]An alternative approach to the EUI is the Caterpillar Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI, also supplied by other manufacturers). HEUI uses a hydraulic pressure intensifier system with a 7: 1 pressure ratio to generate the injection pressures. The hydraulic pressure is generated by pumping engine lubricant to a controllable high pressure. Similar to CR injection systems, there is control of the injection pressure. The HEUI uses a two-stage valve to control the oil pressure, and this is able to control the rate at which the fuel pressure rises, thereby controlling the rate of injection, because a lower injection rate can help control NOx emissions. Common Rail fuel injection systems One of the last improvements to the fuel injection system is the Common Rail System that was implemented first by the Fiat Company. Fig.14 Common rail fuel injection system [8] Common rail (CR) fuel injection systems decouple the pressure generation from the injection process and have become popular because of the possibilities offered by electronic control. The key elements of a CR fuel injection system are as follows: A (controllable) high-pressure pump The fuel rail with a pressure sensor Electronically controlled injectors An engine management system (EMS) The injector is an electro-hydraulic device, in which a control valve determines whether or not the injector needle lifts from its seat. The engine management system can divide the injection process into four phases: two pilot injections, main injection, and post-injection (for supplying a controlled quantity of hydrocarbons as a reducing agent for NOx catalysts). Common rail injection also enables a high output to be achieved at a comparatively low engine speed Fuel injectors Fig.15 Types of nozzles used in Diesel fuel injectors [1]

Abortion is not Murder in the right circumstances Essay -- essays rese

Abortion Is Not Murder under the Right Circumstances She was only twelve, only for a walk on the street right by her house when he got to her. The experience was terrifying and all she wanted to do was forget about it, forget about him on top of her, making her do things that should only be done with someone she loves. The rape is finally over and he lets her go after making her promise not to tell. A few weeks after the rape she still hadn’t told, but started feeling woozy and nauseous in the morning; she went and consulted in her mother. After waiting out what she believes was a stomach flue for another few weeks she saw that her belly started to grow. She finally told her mother what had happen and the little twelve year old girl was 4 weeks pregnant. A heated discussion among students, parents and government officials is whether abortion should be legal. I recently read an article about a twelve year old girl who had been raped and had her child because no one gave her the option of abortion, her family felt that she would e mbarrass the family because it was morally wrong. Would it have been wrong for this child to theoretically murder her newborn? Murder is the act of taking another’s life with malicious thoughts; it is also taking the life of another human being without medical supervision and by brutal ways. I believe that abortion is not murder if none of those three apply, in the right circumstance, abortion is not murder. Nuss-2 Abortion is the act of terminating...

Case Anaylsis Motivation

Jason Haro 10/10/2012 Management of Organizations Case Analysis: Motivation In order to have an effective performance from a group a people, effective leadership must be used along with good teamwork to have an efficient running company. After analyzing the case of Joe Chaney, it is clear that there has been a fault in leadership along with lack of motivation. In order to fix the situation with Mr. Chaney, a meeting should be established with him to discuss his performance.The first question to start out with is to make sure that Joe realizes there has been a problem with his performance at work. Chances are he will realize there is a problem, since his conversation about complaining about his job was overheard. Once it is established that there is a problem with performance, the next task is to figure out if the problem stems from inadequate subordinate ability or motivation. In the case of Joe Chaney, there is a problem with both ability and motivationThe inadequate subordinate abi lity comes from inadequate resources to do the job leading to a resource problem. Mr. Chaney was hired with mediocre recommendations from his previous employer because help was needed desperately. The firm seems to be understaffed to handle the rise in workload from the local construction boom. The absence of formal performance reviews and career counseling due to time constraints along with losing Friday social hours and making weekends mandatory is a huge demotivating factor for employees, not just Mr. Chaney.The relationship curve between level of conflict and level of performance shows that having too much conflict for extended periods of time leads to low levels of performance. More staff should be hired to ease the workload. Incentive problems are also an issue with Mr. Chaney. Mr. Chaney’s statement of â€Å"no one around here respects my opinion. I’m just a lowly draftsman†¦ because I don’t have the degree, they ignore my input, and I’m stuc k doing the grunt work† shows that there is an issue of Mr. Chaney feeling unappreciated so he has stopped caring about his work.Effective leaders should be empathetic towards his employees. Understanding that he has a wife and children shows that he has concerns for providing for his family. Between working and being a family man, he may not have an opportunity to obtain his degree to have a better title and paying wage. Restarting career counseling and performance reviews would help solve these problems. Credit should be given to Mr. Chaney as his performance, until recently, has been surprisingly well and produced high quality work.

Description of Global Positioning System Device

Description of Global Positioning System Device Many computer technologies are useful in communication of data or information that is essential for decision making pertaining to specific issues or concerns. The major technologies that find relevancies in technical communication are Global Positioning System (GPS) device, MP3 player, waste electrical and electronic equipment, automobile jack, and camera phone. This paper gives a general description of GPS device to enlighten the general public and other interested professionals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Description of Global Positioning System Device specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More GPS is a radio-navigation system that is set in space and managed by the U.S. Department of Defense and Transportation. Image 1 shows the positions of the various satellites that constitute the GPS. It has been used for accurate determination of positions on the surface of the Earth (Combrink, Combrinck and Moraal 436). It was in itially invented as an enhancement system for the military forces and still serves this purpose as well as the others. Notwithstanding, it also has an adequate capacity to serve the civilian population in large numbers and variety of applications (Arnold, par. 16). According to Arnold (par. 17), the GPS is comprised of three fragments, namely, space fragment, control fragment and user fragment. The space fragment uses 24 satellites suspending in 6 orbital planes. Each satellite rotates around a 20,200km orbit which is inclined at 55 degrees, and completes the rotation in 12 hours. The configurations of the satellites in respective orbits are set in such a way that at least five are within the view of a user at any place on Earth in conjunction with Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) of six satellites or less. PDOP is a quality measure of the relative configuration of the satellites as shown in figure 1. PDOP is inversely proportional to the degree of evenness in terms of spacing around the sky, so that the more evenly spaced the 24 satellite are, the lower PDOP is. It can be said to be perfect when a satellite situates overhead the user with other three satellites located at 1200 intervals just over the horizon from the user (Arnold, par. 18). Combrink et al. (436) assert that thousands of stationary and mobile receivers also constitute the GPS. Image 1. GPS constellation; expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance StandardAdvertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More (GPS Constellation (Expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance Standard)) The decrease in precision defines a root mean square estimation of the affect that position solution geometry imposes on positions faults. The experts managing the system can assess geometry affects in four different positions, namely, time position (TDOP), 3-D position (PDOP) , vertical position (VDOP), and horizontal position (HDOP). Arnold (par. 19) points out that the GPS control fragment comprises 5 monitoring stations and 3 ground antennas, which transmit radio or other signals to receivers in the communication satellites in space or aircraft within the atmosphere. The monitoring posts adopt GPS receivers to track every satellite within its scope of view and collect assorted data from the satellites signals. The information dispatched from the various monitoring posts is processed at a larger station, Master Control Station (MCS), located in proximity to the Colorado Springs Colo. It is done to establish satellite clock and orbits profiles in order to update the navigational information of individual satellite. Image 2 a. GPS Block II/IIA Satellite. 2 b. Satellite operators at the MCS, Schriever Air Force Base (GPS Block II/IIA satellite and Satellite operators at the master control station, Schriever Air Force Base)Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on Description of Global Positioning System Device specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The user fragment of the GPS includes a range of integration and configurations architectures that encompass a receiver-pre-processor and an antenna to jointly receive and process navigational solutions to give a user positioning, velocity, and exact timing (Delaney 62). Arnold, James A. Surface Transportation and Global Positioning System Improvements: L5 and DGPS. Public Roads 61.4 (1998): 2. Academic Search Complete. Web. http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/ehost/detail?sid=35d51614-ed5c-44bb-a7a3-b70236f42dca%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=102bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXVybCxpcCx1aWQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#db=a9hAN=345976 Combrink, A. Z. A., W. L. Combrinck, and H. Moraal. Near Real-Time Detection of Atmospheric Water Vapour Using the SADC GPS Network. South African Journal of Science 100.9/10 (2004): 436-442. Academic Search Com plete. PDF file. 14 Feb. 2014. ascau.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c9f6d8d9-fb93-45be-9bf2-03112b49735e%40sessionmgr113vid=1hid=102 Delaney, John. GPS: Yesterday and Tomorrow. PC Magazine 20.7 (2001): 62. Academic Search Complete. PDF file. 14 Feb. 2014. http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=13af7390-d31e-4162-9b49-11256c00bc8e%40sessionmgr115vid=1hid=102 GPS Block II/IIA satellite. 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014 gps.gov/multimedia/images/II-IIA.jpg. GPS Constellation (Expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance Standard). 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014. gps.gov/multimedia/images/constellation.jpg. Satellite operators at the master control station, Schriever Air Force Base. 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014gps.gov/multimedia/images/2SOPS-crew.jpg.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

A Mirror Tells No Lies essays

A Mirror Tells No Lies essays Imagine an emancipated young girl staring at herself in the mirror and seeing only fat. Picture the young girls parents watching their daughter literally whither away to nothing. These are the constant struggles and fears felt within a family dealing with an eating disorder. As our society continues to focus its attention on being thin, the prevalence of eating disorders in this era is rapidly increasing. Food obsessions, such as anorexia nervosa, need to be given serious consideration because of the psychological ramifications and the lasting effects left with the suffering individual. Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height, an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat - even though underweight - and a disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced (Chicchi 2). Anorexics are on an endless diet, and are quite literally starving themselves to death. Earlier descriptions of anorexia date back further; however, it was first diagnosed in an eleven-year-old in England in the early 1800s. The first diagnosis was named the eating disorder anorexia mirabilis, or a miraculous loss of appetite. It is now referred to as anorexia nervosa, or a nervous loss of appetite. The term anorexia, however, is a misnomer since the loss of appetite is rare. The onset of anorexia usually occurs during adolescence due to the transition from girlhood to adulthood. Young women who suffer from anorexia often starve themselves in hopes of becoming a perfect, fragile, little girl (Maloney 73). They simply fail to want to accept the physical changes of the human body that coincide with growing up. Ninety-five percent of all anorectics are females, from the ages of twelve to eighteen (Maloney 59). Specific behavioral signs may be present in a person suffering from anorexia. Obsessive e ...

Teaching and Learning Reading Skills Research Paper

Teaching and Learning Reading Skills - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that various types of media that are available in the society that discourages the students to read more are very accessible. Television, movies, and the like do not require anybody to learn how to read. The mere fact that people should only open their eyes and listen to what is projected on the screen without reading anything leads students to become uninterested in reading. At school, there is not as much student interaction during the reading classes, thus the more the students stay uninterested. Identifying students’ learning strategies are as important as identifying the different teaching strategies that the teachers should implement in a classroom. Children, at a young age, require activities that would make them interested in participating in a reading class. If there are not enough activities that would engage them in learning and developing their skills, more likely, the students would lose focus and resort to disinterest. Specific teaching tec hniques such as additional exercises and activities are necessary to encourage the students to read further. One of the most common teaching techniques that the author has observed among the teachers back in elementary was the focus on the vocabulary words in a reading class rather than the content and comprehension. There are more vocabulary exercises than those that require comprehension and analysis that may have been a lot more interesting for the children than the memorization and use of the words that teachers thought were important for the students to focus on. There are no doubt vocabulary skills should be improved as well, however, reading classes should not put much weight on the definition of the difficult words, but rather, the understanding of the students to the ideas that the reading exercises present. In addition, reading activities were but a part of the language book. Reading comprehension exercises were limited to only a few questions for which no further exercise s are added.

Systems Analysis and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Systems Analysis and Design - Essay Example Sitting meditation along with the appliance of mindful awareness in daily activities can also be considered as mindfulness. Mindfulness can be used in children’s treatment to decrease anxiety as well as a coping means when we face emotional pain or distress. There are several methods of meditation: Yoga, breathing exercises, and guided meditations. In general, mindfulness can be used as a tool for improved self-care as well as professional growth. Social liberation needs an increase in social alternatives or opportunities, particularly for people who are quite oppressed or deprived. For example, empowerment procedures should be used to encourage people to use contemplative practices as a way of relieving stress. The benefits or advantages of deploying contemplation techniques in daily life should be advertised all over to so that people may log into the website and learn more about contemplation. So as implementation of contemplative practices system is effective, all obstacles that may hinder its users’ accessibility should be removed. An example is a persuasive system which influences users’ perceptions, behaviors, and various strategies towards different results and behavior change. The website should be easy to log into and view the practices. Besides, the web page should be attractive so as users can stay on the page for long time and also invite other friends to view the page. This will increase the effectiveness of the system. Reinforcement Management offers consequences for moving towards a positive direction. It relies more on reward than punishment. To deliver this contemplative system effectively, users are supposed to be reinforced by thanking them for using the â€Å"mindful† techniques in improving their cognition. For instance, those who book for yoga classes should be encouraged and given extra time or decreased payments so as to encourage them to attend more classes. The